\newcommand{\etalchar}[1]{$^{#1}$}
\begin{thebibliography}{SBK{\etalchar{+}}88b}

\bibitem[ACC81]{ACC81a}
M.P. Atkinson, K.J. Chisholm, and W.P. Cockshott.
\newblock PS-Algol: An Algol with a Persistent Heap.
\newblock {\em ACM SIGPLAN Notices}, 17(7), July 1981.

\bibitem[AGO89]{AGO89}
A.~Albano, G.~Ghelli, and R.~Orsini.
\newblock Types for Databases: The Galileo Experience.
\newblock In {\em Proc. of the 2nd Workshop on Database Programming Languages,
  Portland, Oregon}, June 1989.

\bibitem[AM88]{AtMo85}
M.P. Atkinson and R.~Morrision.
\newblock Types, Bindings and Parameters in a Persistent Environment.
\newblock In M.P. Atkinson, P.~Buneman, and R.~Morrison, editors, {\em Data
  Types and Persistence}, Topics in Information Systems. Springer-Verlag, 1988.

\bibitem[BHG87]{BHG87}
P.A. Bernstein, V.~Hadzilacos, and N.~Goodman, editors.
\newblock {\em Concurrency Control and Recovery in Database Systems}.
\newblock Addison-Wesley, 1987.

\bibitem[BJS86]{BJS86}
S.~B{\"o}ttcher, M.~Jarke, and J.W. Schmidt.
\newblock Adaptive Predicate Managers in Database Systems.
\newblock In {\em Proc. of the 12th International Conference on VLDB}, Kyoto,
  1986.

\bibitem[BL84]{BuLa84}
R.~Burstall and B.~Lampson.
\newblock A kernel language for abstract data types and modules.
\newblock In {\em Semantics of Data Types}, volume 173 of {\em Lecture Notes in
  Computer Science}. Springer-Verlag, 1984.

\bibitem[B{\"o}t90]{Bott90}
S.~B{\"o}ttcher.
\newblock Improving the Concurrency of Integrity Checks and Write Operations.
\newblock In {\em Proc. ICDT 90}, Paris, December 1990.

\bibitem[Bro89]{Brow89}
A.L Brown.
\newblock Persistent Object Stores.
\newblock PPRR 71-89, Universities of Glasgow and St Andrews, March 1989.

\bibitem[BSW88]{BSW88}
C.~Beeri, H.-J. Schek, and G.~Weikum.
\newblock Multi-Level Transaction Management, Theoretical Art or Practical
  Need?
\newblock In {\em Advances in Database Technology, EDBT '88}, volume 303 of
  {\em Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages 134--154. Springer-Verlag,
  1988.

\bibitem[But87]{Butl87}
M.H. Butler.
\newblock Storage Reclamation in Object Oriented Database Systems.
\newblock In {\em Proc. of SIGMOD Conf., San Francisco}, 1987.

\bibitem[Car86]{Card86}
L.~Cardelli.
\newblock Amber.
\newblock In {\em Combinators and Functional Programming Languages}, volume 242
  of {\em Lecture Notes in Computer Science}. Springer-Verlag, 1986.

\bibitem[Car89]{Card89}
L.~Cardelli.
\newblock Typeful Programming.
\newblock Digital Systems Research Center Reports~45, DEC SRC Palo Alto, May
  1989.

\bibitem[CDMB90]{CDMB90}
R.~Connor, A.~Dearle, R.~Morrison, and F.~Brown.
\newblock Existentially Quantified Types as a Database Viewing Mechanism.
\newblock In {\em Advances in Database Technology, EDBT '90}, volume 416 of
  {\em Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages 301--315. Springer-Verlag,
  1990.

\bibitem[Coh81]{Cohe81}
J.~Cohen.
\newblock Garbage Collection of Linked Data Structures.
\newblock {\em ACM Computing Surveys}, 13(3), September 1981.

\bibitem[Dat89]{Date89}
C.J. Date.
\newblock {\em A Guide to the SQL Standard}.
\newblock Addison-Wesley, second edition, 1989.

\bibitem[DCBM89]{DCBM89}
A.~Dearle, R.~Connor, F.~Brown, and R.~Morrison.
\newblock Napier88 -- A Database Programming Language?
\newblock In {\em Proc. of the 2nd Workshop on Database Programming Languages,
  Salishan Lodge, Oregon}, June 1989.

\bibitem[DD79]{DeDo79}
A.~Demers and J.~Donahue.
\newblock Revised Report on Russel.
\newblock TR 79--389, Computer Science Department, Cornell University, 1979.

\bibitem[Dea89]{Dea89}
A.~Dearle.
\newblock Environments: a flexible binding mechanism to support system
  evolution.
\newblock In {\em Proc. HICSS-22, Hawaii}, volume~II, pages 46--55, January
  1989.

\bibitem[EGLT76]{EGLT76}
K.P. Eswaran, J.N. Gray, R.A. Lorie, and I.L. Traiger.
\newblock The Notion of Consistency and Predicate Locks in Database Systems.
\newblock {\em Communications of the ACM}, 19(11):624--633, November 1976.

\bibitem[EM82]{EM82}
J.~Eliot and B.~Moss.
\newblock Nested Transactions and Reliable Distributed Computing.
\newblock In {\em Symposium on Reliability in Distributed Software and Database
  Systems}, pages 33--39, 1982.

\bibitem[GLP75]{GLP75}
J.N. Gray, R.A. Lorie, and G.R. Putzolu.
\newblock Granularity of Locks in a Shared Data Base.
\newblock In {\em Proc. VLDB Conference}, Boston, Mass., September 1975.

\bibitem[GMS87]{GMS87}
H.~Garcia-Molina and K.~Salem.
\newblock Sagas.
\newblock In {\em ACM-SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data},
  pages 249--259, San Francisco, May 1987.

\bibitem[Gra81]{Gray81}
J.N. Gray.
\newblock The Transaction Concept: Virtues and Limitations.
\newblock In {\em Proc. 7th VLDB Conference}, pages 144--154, Cannes, France,
  September 1981.

\bibitem[Har88]{Harp85}
R.~Harper.
\newblock Modules and Persistence in Standard ML.
\newblock In M.P. Atkinson, P.~Buneman, and R.~Morrison, editors, {\em Data
  Types and Persistence}, Topics in Information Systems. Springer-Verlag, 1988.

\bibitem[Hoa68]{Hoar68}
C.A.R. Hoare.
\newblock Record Handling.
\newblock In F.~Genuys, editor, {\em Programming Languages}, pages 291--347.
  Academic Press, London, 1968.

\bibitem[JGL{\etalchar{+}}88]{JGLR88}
W.~Johannsen, L.~Ge, W.~Lamersdorf, K.~Reinhard, and J.W. Schmidt.
\newblock Database Application Support in Open Systems: Language Support and
  Implementation.
\newblock In {\em Proc. IEEE 4th Int. Conf. on Data Engineering}, Los Angeles,
  USA, February 1988.

\bibitem[JK83]{JaKo83}
M.~Jarke and J.~Koch.
\newblock Range Nesting: A Fast Method to Evaluate Quantified Queries.
\newblock In {\em ACM-SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data},
  pages 196--206, San Jose, May 1983.

\bibitem[JLRS88]{JLRS88}
W.~Johannsen, W.~Lamersdorf, K.~Reinhard, and J.W. Schmidt.
\newblock The DURESS Project: Extending Databases into an Open Systems
  Architecture.
\newblock In {\em Advances in Database Technology, EDBT '88}, volume 303 of
  {\em Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages 616--620. Springer-Verlag,
  1988.

\bibitem[JLS85]{JLS85}
M.~Jarke, V.~Linnemann, and J.W. Schmidt.
\newblock Data Constructors: On the Integration of Rules and Relations.
\newblock In {\em 11th Intern. Conference on Very Large Data Bases, Stockholm},
  August 1985.

\bibitem[L{\etalchar{+}}77]{L*77}
B.~Liskov et~al.
\newblock Abstraction Mechanisms in CLU.
\newblock {\em Communications of the ACM}, 20(8), August 1977.

\bibitem[LAB{\etalchar{+}}81]{L*81}
B.~Liskov, R.~Atkinson, T.~Bloom, E.~Moss, J.C. Schaffert, R.~Scheifler, and
  A.~Snyder.
\newblock {\em CLU Reference Manual}.
\newblock Springer-Verlag, 1981.

\bibitem[Lan66]{Land66}
P.J. Landin.
\newblock The next 700 programming languages.
\newblock {\em Communications of the ACM}, 9(3):157--166, 1966.

\bibitem[LG86]{LiGu86}
B.~Liskov and J.~Guttag.
\newblock {\em Abstraction and Specification in Program Development}.
\newblock The MIT Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Series. MIT
  Press, 1986.

\bibitem[LY81]{LeYa81}
P.L. Lehmann and S.B. Yao.
\newblock Efficient Locking for Concurrent Operations on B-Trees.
\newblock {\em ACM Transactions on Database Systems}, 6(4):650--670, December
  1981.

\bibitem[MAD87]{MAD87}
R.~Morrison, M.P. Atkinson, and A.~Dearle.
\newblock Flexible Incremental Bindings in a Persistent Object Store.
\newblock Persistent Programming Research Report~38, Univ. of St. Andrews,
  Dept. of Comp. Science, June 1987.

\bibitem[Mat87]{Matt87}
D.~Matthews.
\newblock Static and Dynamic Type Checking.
\newblock In {\em Proc. of the Workshop on Database Programming Languages,
  Roscoff, France}, pages 43--52, September 1987.

\bibitem[MRS84]{MRS84}
M.~Mall, M.~Reimer, and J.W. Schmidt.
\newblock Data Selection, Sharing and Access Control in a Relational Scenario.
\newblock In M.L. Brodie, J.L. Myopoulos, and J.W. Schmidt, editors, {\em On
  Conceptual Modelling}. Springer-Verlag, 1984.

\bibitem[MRS89]{DAIDA4}
F.~Matthes, A.~Rudloff, and J.W. Schmidt.
\newblock Data- and Rule-Based Database Programming in DBPL.
\newblock Esprit Project 892 WP/IMP 3.b, Fachbereich Informatik, Johann
  Wolfgang Goethe-Universit\"at, Frankfurt, West Germany, March 1989.

\bibitem[MS89]{MaSc89}
F.~Matthes and J.W. Schmidt.
\newblock The Type System of DBPL.
\newblock In {\em Proc. of the 2nd Workshop on Database Programming Languages,
  Salishan Lodge, Oregon}, pages 255--260, June 1989.

\bibitem[Ric89]{Rich89}
J.E. Richardson.
\newblock E: A Persistent Systems Implementation Language.
\newblock Technical Report 868, Computer Sciences Department, University of
  Wisconsin-Madison, August 1989.

\bibitem[RM87]{RoSt87}
L.~Rowe and Stonebraker M.
\newblock The POSTGRES Data Model.
\newblock In {\em Proc. 13th VLDB, Brighton}, pages 83--96, September 1987.

\bibitem[RS81]{Reim81}
M.~Reimer and J.W. Schmidt.
\newblock Transaction Procedures with Relational Parameters.
\newblock Report~45, Institut f\"ur Informatik, ETH Z\"urich, Switzerland,
  October 1981.

\bibitem[SBK{\etalchar{+}}88a]{DAIDA2}
J.W. Schmidt, M.~Bittner, H.~Klein, H.~Eckhardt, and F.~Matthes.
\newblock DBPL System: The Prototype and its Architecture.
\newblock Esprit Project 892 WP/IMP 3.2, Fachbereich Informatik, Johann
  Wolfgang Goethe-Universit\"at, Frankfurt, West Germany, November 1988.

\bibitem[SBK{\etalchar{+}}88b]{S*88}
J.W. Schmidt, M.~Bittner, H.~Klein, H.~Eckhardt, and F.~Matthes.
\newblock DBPL System: The Prototype and its Architecture.
\newblock DBPL Memo 111-88, Fachbereich Informatik, Johann Wolfgang
  Goethe-Universit\"at, Frankfurt, West Germany, November 1988.

\bibitem[SCB{\etalchar{+}}86]{S*86}
C.~Schaffert, T.~Cooper, B.~Bullis, M.~Kilian, and C.~Wilpolt.
\newblock An Introduction to Trellis/Owl.
\newblock In {\em Proc. of 1st Int. Conf. on OOPSLA}, pages 9--16, Portland,
  Oregon, October 1986.

\bibitem[Sch88]{Schm87b}
J.W. Schmidt.
\newblock Semantics of Selective Set Assignment.
\newblock (technical note), December 1988.

\bibitem[SEM88]{SEM88}
J.W. Schmidt, H.~Eckhardt, and F.~Matthes.
\newblock DBPL Report.
\newblock DBPL-Memo 111-88, Fachbereich Informatik, Johann Wolfgang
  Goethe-Universit\"at, Frankfurt, West Germany, 1988.

\bibitem[SGLJ89]{SGLJ89}
J.W Schmidt, L.~Ge, V.~Linnemann, and M.~Jarke.
\newblock Integrated Fact and Rule Management Based on Database Technology.
\newblock In J.W. Schmidt and C.~Thanos, editors, {\em Foundations of Knowledge
  Base Management}, Topics in Information Systems. Springer-Verlag, 1989.

\bibitem[SL85]{ScLi85}
J.W. Schmidt and V.~Linnemann.
\newblock Higher Level Relational Objects.
\newblock In {\em Proc. 4th British National Conference on Databases (BNCOD
  4)}. Cambridge University Press, July 1985.

\bibitem[SSS90]{SFSS90}
L.~Stemple, D.~Fegaras, T.~Sheard, and A.~Socorro.
\newblock Exceeding the Limits of Polymorphism in Database Programming
  Languages.
\newblock In {\em Advances in Database Technology, EDBT '90}, volume 416 of
  {\em Lecture Notes in Computer Science}, pages 269--285. Springer-Verlag,
  1990.

\bibitem[Str67]{Stra67}
C.~Strachey, editor.
\newblock {\em Fundamental concepts in programming languages}.
\newblock Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1967.

\bibitem[SWBM89]{SWBM89}
J.W. Schmidt, I.~Wetzel, A.~Borgida, and J.~Mylopoulos.
\newblock Database Programming by Formal Refinement of Conceptual Designs.
\newblock {\em IEEE -- Data Engineering}, September 1989.

\bibitem[Wir83]{Wirt83}
N.~Wirth.
\newblock {\em Programming in Modula-2}.
\newblock Springer-Verlag, 1983.

\end{thebibliography}
